ABSTRACT
Aim of the Study: To determine the phytochemicals and the antiviral activity of methanol stem bark extract of Enantia chlorantha and Boswellia dalzielii against Newcastle disease virus in embryonated eggs. Materials and Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. Investigation on the effect of stem bark of Enantia chlorantha and Boswellia dalzielii methanol extracts against Newcastle disease (ND) virus was carried out using an in ovo assay. Nine–day-old embryonated chicken eggs were used. 0.2ml New Castle Disease virus (NDV) pre-treated with methanol extract of Enantia chlorantha Oliver and Boswellia dalzielii Hutch (Stem bark) at final concentrations of 150, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 mg/ml were administered. Controls were included, embryos were observed daily for survival. Allantoic fluids from treated eggs were collected for spot test and haemagglutination test to detect NDV in the eggs. Results: Phytochemical analysis carried out on Enantia chlorantha Oliv. (stem bark), revealed the presence of alkaloids, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, steroid, triterpenes and glycosides, while tannin and flavonoids were found to be absent. Boswellia dalzielii Hutch revealed the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, triterpenes, cardiac glycosides, tannins and flavonoids and absence of alkaloid.The result of the antiviral assay showed that the minimum toxic concentration of both extracts is 150 mg/ml. Boswellia dalzielii showed the most significant activity against NDV with complete survival of the embryo at all concentration studied and complete clearance of the virus from the allantoic fluid, as compared to Enantia chlorantha where mortalities were seen at 150 and 25 mg/ml respectively. Conclusion: This finding has clearly demonstrated that Enantia chlorantha and Boswellia dalzielii stem bark extract has antiviral potential against NDV in ovo.
ABSTRACT
A known quantity of coarsely blended stem-back of Enantia chlorantha was progressively extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol respectively. The resulting crude extracts were separated into various components using thin layer chromatographic and preparative thin layer chromatographic techniques. The antibacterial activity of every isolated component was carried out using five test organisms which are Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonel typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The result of the antibacterial assay conducted indicated that some of the isolated components had significant activities against the test organisms employed.
ABSTRACT
Aim: To revalidate the antimicrobial effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Enantia chlorantha leaves and stem bark against Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Candida albicans; and to check the effects on the isolates when the stem bark and leave extracts are combined. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria, between January 2013 and May 2013. Methodology: Agar well diffusion method was used for the susceptibility studies while the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations were determined using the broth dilution method. The Minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration was determined by plating on nutrient agar. Results: The ethanolic extract of E. chlorantha stem bark showed antimicrobial activity on all 7 isolates tested with zones of inhibition in the range of 5mm to 33mm, while its aqueous extracts showed activity on only 3 of the 7 isolates with diameter zones of inhibition ranging between 5mm to 20mm. The aqueous leaf extracts showed activity against 3 of the 7 isolates while the ethanolic extracts had activity on 6. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanolic extract of both stem bark and leaves was between 1.56 and 12.5mg/ml, while that of aqueous extracts ranged from 6.25 to 12.5mg/ml. There was no obvious difference in the activity of the extracts when combined. Conclusion: This study validates potent antimicrobial activity of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Enantia chlorantha leaves and stem bark in line with similar studies. Further work is however needed to determine the toxicity of the plant extracts and also identify active components of the plant.